Storia della crittografiaCifrariCifrari polialfabetici
Orchema + OTP = ORION
DIANA cipher - Trithemius' Orchema, 1507

Interactive example
Plain text
 Plain text = UNIDENTIFIEDPLANESSIGHTEDINTHEEAST 
 Cryptogram = KZQCFUVMNMYWBTIDVXIFSDCNZDHFXDNOAP 
FrontBack
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 HDYZGMSINWTPQUAOFVEKXLRCB
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
BCRLXKEVFOAUQPTWNISMGZYDH
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 BGAWRYITVFCKZMQUDLPXHENOS
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
SONEHXPLDUQMZKCFVTIYRWAGB
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 SBFNXOPCQMULYIGARVWZETKHD
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
DHKTEZWVRAGIYLUMQCPOXNFBS
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 VBSCILUKPFEDXMTHWGAQRNZOY
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
YOZNRQAGWHTMXDEFPKULICSBV
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 UOWSFKPGCRQMIZATDELNXVHYB
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
BYHVXNLEDTAZIMQRCGPKFSWOU
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 XNVTRWMEYGKHUSILFAZDBPOCQ
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
QCOPBDZAFLISUHKGYEMWRTVNX
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 AWPLYHGNDCFETQBZXOVSUKIRM
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
MRIKUSVOXZBQTEFCDNGHYLPWA
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 RWYFCUHBMSATDOXEQZPIGNKLV
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
VLKNGIPZQEXODTASMBHUCFYWR
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 ZHBFGNXEMDLKQRTCSOIAUVWPY
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
YPWVUAIOSCTRQKLDMEXNGFBHZ
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 YETBPKAXMGDZFLINSQUCHWROV
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
VORWHCUQSNILFZDGMXAKPBTEY
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 NSGEYICBDKTPHRWMUXOZAQLVF
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
FVLQAZOXUMWRHPTKDBCIYEGSN
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 NSFWDGMVOTRXUQYAHECZILKBP
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
PBKLIZCEHAYQUXRTOVMGDWFSN
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 MFVZTELNKIRSYHBPCWGXUDAOQ
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
QOADUXGWCPBHYSRIKNLETZVFM
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 GPFVSIHZCETLRDXAYNWKOMQUB
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
BUQMOKWNYAXDRLTECZHISVFPG
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 IMFSTYXEBRWKZULDOQVNHPCAG
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
GACPHNVQODLUZKWRBEXYTSFMI
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 XOIGCHRPNFEMDSTZLYWBKAVQU
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
UQVAKBWYLZTSDMEFNPRHCGIOX
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 PXWDVUZKFGNMTBAEIOLSYCHRQ
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
QRHCYSLOIEABTMNGFKZUVDWXP
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 KCFEMGVHDZBAYROLIXNQWPTSU
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
USTPWQNXILORYABZDHVGMEFCK
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 GEULYVSABWKFQPMOTINDXRHZC
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
CZHRXDNITOMPQFKWBASVYLUEG
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 OPYAXLGBFSWDMZEKINCVTRQHU
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
UHQRTVCNIKEZMDWSFBGLXAYPO
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 VYRDNISBGTWQAZXMUCEPFKHLO
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
OLHKFPECUMXZAQWTGBSINDRYV
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 CEGTIKPDWSULMXQAVHBYNZOFR
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
RFOZNYBHVAQXMLUSWDPKITGEC
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 OPIUAZXDENKLBRHTFVCWMGYSQ
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
QSYGMWCVFTHRBLKNEDXZAUIPO
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 KBWANXPCHLDGIMQUTVYEFROZS
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
SZORFEYVTUQMIGDLHCPXNAWBK
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 GBPZTSIVRHEOWFXDKAMQLCNUY
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
YUNCLQMAKDXFWOEHRVISTZPBG
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 EBGOVRUYDSNZAKPIQFLWCTHMX
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
XMHTCWLFQIPKAZNSDYURVOGBE
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 TIAXKVBMCPGSHDZWQUYELNROF
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
FORNLEYUQWZDHSGPCMBVKXAIT
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 PQEXRCOWDKHZLTAYVNFBMGSIU
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
UISGMBFNVYATLZHKDWOCRXEQP
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 SRNIFDWXKUMLHOQYVGBPTAECZ
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
ZCEATPBGVYQOHLMUKXWDFINRS
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 MVQCDXUTHFAOGWYZKILSRBNPE
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
EPNBRSLIKZYWGOAFHTUXDCQVM
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 EFRSNBCLVHOQAKZIMPUGTXYWD
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
DWYXTGUPMIZKAQOHVLCBNSRFE
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 OQAFGNLMCBZHEKYRVSPWIUDXT
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
TXDUIWPSVRYKEHZBCMLNGFAQO
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 OXNELIUBKWGVHSZFQAPTCYMDR
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
RDMYCTPAQFZSHVGWKBUILENXO
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 MSXTGWFDNOQYERCHZAPLBVIKU
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
UKIVBLPAZHCREYQONDFWGTXSM

XVI - XX century: from Orchema to ORION

In the second half of the XX century the American NSA used for some time an ORION cipher, which bears a striking resemblance to Trithemius's Orchema, except that the alphabets were written horizontally and on both sides of each sheet; one with the clear alphabet and one with the encrypted one, printed exactly in register and with a sheet of carbon paper underneath, with the carbon at the top.

Encrypting procedure

The sender circled the plain letter with a pen, one line for each character, and the carbon paper automatically circled the encrypted letter on the back. Very fast system to write in cipher, the sender only had to circle the letters of the plain text, but extremely cumbersome: one sheet, i.e. two pages, was needed for only 50 letters.

Decryption procedure

To decrypt the recipient follows the reverse procedure: using the first page backwards, starting from the first line, looks for the first letter of the ciphertext and circleit . The clear letters will automatically be circled on the other side. In the end it will be enough to transcribe them to obtain the clear text.

Fortune of the ORION cipher

Did the designer of ORION know Trithemius and his Orchema? The cipher is described by a certain David Boak in a 1973 NSA document, declassified in 2015, and he never mentions Tritemius. The question obviously remains unanswered, but the basic idea is simple enough and may very well have been independently re-invented. It is suggestive any way that the initials, OR, are the same.

Moreover, Trithemius had a very vague idea of the concept of a disordered alphabet, dancing letters (this is the meaning of the Greek Oρχημα), indeed he proposes criteria that are not exactly disordered such as the one of alternating letters used in the following pages.

Boak describes this cipher as a big improvement on the DIANA cryptosystem in terms of operational speed but at the aforementioned cost of a much larger size. He also writes that the cipher was abandoned after a short time, partly because of the encumbrance, partly because of the difficulty of having a print with the two sides exactly in register.

Security of the cipher

As with all OTP ciphers, security is based on the process used to generate the random alphabets, which should be truly random, in the sense of absolutely unpredictable; which is very difficult to obtain and generally pseudorandom algorithms are used; so it is also in this example that uses the rand() function of the PhP language, which, according to the PhP manual itself, is not cryptographically secure; PhP has also more secure but slower functions, but for a demo, rand() is enough! Furthermore, the one time pad rule must be strictly respected: use the key once and only once, it is forbidden to reuse it.


Riferimenti bibliografici
db critto: non trovato