Storia della crittografiaCifrariCifrari polialfabetici
Orchema + OTP = ORION
DIANA cipher - Trithemius' Orchema, 1507

Interactive example
Plain text
 Plain text = UNIDENTIFIEDPLANESSIGHTEDINTHEEAST 
 Cryptogram = PQIUVMTQXCXCKGLLAKYOGQUYSKULWIINCG 
FrontBack
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 ZHYQLUGWIDOCKBAXNRTPMSFVE
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
EVFSMPTRNXABKCODIWGULQYHZ
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 WEPSCGRMDIYZQVHULNBOKAXFT
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
TFXAKOBNLUHVQZYIDMRGCSPEW
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 PMNZDUYHIQLREWTKVOBSACFXG
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
GXFCASBOVKTWERLQIHYUDZNMP
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 TCMUDKHRZFXQEBAVPSGOLYNIW
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
WINYLOGSPVABEQXFZRHKDUMCT
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 CGYHVEAZQTBDFSWMOPNRUKILX
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
XLIKURNPOMWSFDBTQZAEVHYGC
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 XRZFUSIAPOVTMQGHYEKLDWBCN
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
NCBWDLKEYHGQMTVOPAISUFZRX
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 SRPWZYUMVCINHKEBGDTAOLXFQ
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
QFXLOATDGBEKHNICVMUYZWPRS
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 MNRLOZDCQEFSAXKGIBVYPWHUT
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
TUHWPYVBIGKXASFEQCDZOLRNM
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 GCAHFXSRNEDOMLWTPQVIZYKUB
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
BUKYZIVQPTWLMODENRSXFHACG
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 GILMXBSZCVDYORHTUPAEQNKFW
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
WFKNQEAPUTHROYDVCZSBXMLIG
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 SWYEXKLFTUAVMZRGBQPNDIHOC
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
COHIDNPQBGRZMVAUTFLKXEYWS
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 QOGCSMXPIANYKURFZHVTEBWDL
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
LDWBETVHZFRUKYNAIPXMSCGOQ
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 OPSCLHVWQXNATEKURFDMZGBIY
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
YIBGZMDFRUKETANXQWVHLCSPO
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 BYMXFOLUEPGQHDCIZKWATSVRN
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
NRVSTAWKZICDHQGPEULOFXMYB
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 LXESGNUCZQIMBFTRKDWPHAVYO
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
OYVAHPWDKRTFBMIQZCUNGSEXL
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 REOPCHWZMSFYLIVBUGDXTQKAN
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
NAKQTXDGUBVILYFSMZWHCPOER
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 BOZQAYHFNVIUXGKPMDWTCESLR
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
RLSECTWDMPKGXUIVNFHYAQZOB
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 TMEDRAHFWXGYCNOBUKZVPLQSI
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
ISQLPVZKUBONCYGXWFHARDEMT
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 MVNFGXWSADKBLQZHTYICOPUER
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
REUPOCIYTHZQLBKDASWXGFNVM
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 RXQDNBSIOZPHYGKWTFECMUVAL
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
LAVUMCEFTWKGYHPZOISBNDQXR
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 YPIQARGZFMLHCVWXKETSOUDBN
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
NBDUOSTEKXWVCHLMFZGRAQIPY
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 RTUNBSKQADVPHOWYCGZXFMELI
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
ILEMFXZGCYWOHPVDAQKSBNUTR
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 WHOLPTBFMSGDCAKNXZUIYQREV
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
VERQYIUZXNKACDGSMFBTPLOHW
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 FKENYXMDOVSBWZPQGTRCULAIH
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
HIALUCRTGQPZWBSVODMXYNEKF
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 KTYSXEWDILBHUGRPAVOZMCFNQ
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
QNFCMZOVAPRGUHBLIDWEXSYTK
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 QFZRBMAVKUSOTYWDXGPENICLH
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
HLCINEPGXDWYTOSUKVAMBRZFQ
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 HIPQONDVLYXZUMERFTCBWGAKS
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
SKAGWBCTFREMUZXYLVDNOQPIH
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 NCDVZKBHWRUMXOYQGSLAEFPTI
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
ITPFEALSGQYOXMURWHBKZVDCN
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 RVBYXMIWOEUAHFZTCLSNGPQDK
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
KDQPGNSLCTZFHAUEOWIMXYBVR
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 BLONICEGFADVRHQXWPZKSYMUT
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
TUMYSKZPWXQHRVDAFGECINOLB
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 TCMSIRVUDFBHLKONPAZQGXYWE
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
EWYXGQZAPNOKLHBFDUVRISMCT
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 NYIRPEKUQBCHZVMAWSLFDXOGT
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
TGOXDFLSWAMVZHCBQUKEPRIYN
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 ZLDHBQVWYMOEUGSXICRFNTAKP
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
PKATNFRCIXSGUEOMYWVQBHDLZ
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 KIFWNYXVBEZQAUPLMSGTODCRH
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
HRCDOTGSMLPUAQZEBVXYNWFIK

XVI - XX century: from Orchema to ORION

In the second half of the XX century the American NSA used for some time an ORION cipher, which bears a striking resemblance to Trithemius's Orchema, except that the alphabets were written horizontally and on both sides of each sheet; one with the clear alphabet and one with the encrypted one, printed exactly in register and with a sheet of carbon paper underneath, with the carbon at the top.

Encrypting procedure

The sender circled the plain letter with a pen, one line for each character, and the carbon paper automatically circled the encrypted letter on the back. Very fast system to write in cipher, the sender only had to circle the letters of the plain text, but extremely cumbersome: one sheet, i.e. two pages, was needed for only 50 letters.

Decryption procedure

To decrypt the recipient follows the reverse procedure: using the first page backwards, starting from the first line, looks for the first letter of the ciphertext and circleit . The clear letters will automatically be circled on the other side. In the end it will be enough to transcribe them to obtain the clear text.

Fortune of the ORION cipher

Did the designer of ORION know Trithemius and his Orchema? The cipher is described by a certain David Boak in a 1973 NSA document, declassified in 2015, and he never mentions Tritemius. The question obviously remains unanswered, but the basic idea is simple enough and may very well have been independently re-invented. It is suggestive any way that the initials, OR, are the same.

Moreover, Trithemius had a very vague idea of the concept of a disordered alphabet, dancing letters (this is the meaning of the Greek Oρχημα), indeed he proposes criteria that are not exactly disordered such as the one of alternating letters used in the following pages.

Boak describes this cipher as a big improvement on the DIANA cryptosystem in terms of operational speed but at the aforementioned cost of a much larger size. He also writes that the cipher was abandoned after a short time, partly because of the encumbrance, partly because of the difficulty of having a print with the two sides exactly in register.

Security of the cipher

As with all OTP ciphers, security is based on the process used to generate the random alphabets, which should be truly random, in the sense of absolutely unpredictable; which is very difficult to obtain and generally pseudorandom algorithms are used; so it is also in this example that uses the rand() function of the PhP language, which, according to the PhP manual itself, is not cryptographically secure; PhP has also more secure but slower functions, but for a demo, rand() is enough! Furthermore, the one time pad rule must be strictly respected: use the key once and only once, it is forbidden to reuse it.


Riferimenti bibliografici
Siti e pagine web
X Searching for "Trit" on the web, only returns another cipher named TRITON.
X
X Latino : In praesente Orchemate multiplex traditura alphabetum per transpositionem & saltum tam norma ordinis quam positione literarum. Quae omnia sufficiunt pro exemplo his qui locatis non possunt esse contenti, ut modum habeant & formam quasi restant inveniendi, quia sine numero possunt variari, ut frequens orchematis expansio clarè docet.

Italiano: Nella presente Orchema vanno trasformati in molti modi l'alfabeto per spostamento e il salto sia per ordinamento sia per posizione delle lettere. Le quali tutte sono sufficienti per l'esempio a quelli che non possono essere qui contenuti, sicché abbiano modo e forma che restino da trovare, perché possono essere variati senza limite, come la frequente espansione di orchema chiaramente mostra.