Storia della crittografiaCifrariCifrari polialfabetici
Orchema + OTP = ORION
DIANA cipher - Trithemius' Orchema, 1507

Interactive example
Plain text
 Plain text = UNIDENTIFIEDPLANESSIGHTEDINTHEEAST 
 Cryptogram = QVFYIOQHMXPLZZFCWHGECVRLQKIPPGIYGB 
FrontBack
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 AFYUHNLBPKWVESZXDCGQOTRIM
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
MIRTOQGCDXZSEVWKPBLNHUYFA
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 NDTOHEQMBKXSVYCAUWGLZFPRI
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
IRPFZLGWUACYVSXKBMQEHOTDN
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 DKCYSNLVFZBMPROXHAQGEUWIT
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
TIWUEGQAHXORPMBZFVLNSYCKD
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 KZCYULBFPWVAIRGHTOSMDQXEN
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
NEXQDMSOTHGRIAVWPFBLUYCZK
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 AGTWIQKFUHCEOMVNDXYZSRPLB
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
BLPRSZYXDNVMOECHUFKQIWTGA
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 GPECSIDYAFKTOQMVRUBZLNHWX
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
XWHNLZBURVMQOTKFAYDISCEPG
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 WYDSLUAZBEPIGNKHTXQCMORVF
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
FVROMCQXTHKNGIPEBZAULSDYW
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 LBZMCENWHFPDIRGQAUTVYXKSO
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
OSKXYVTUAQGRIDPFHWNECMZBL
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 HDZYAMKCNUEQGFVORWSXBTIPL
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
LPITBXSWROVFGQEUNCKMAYZDH
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 OLHUFYBMXWKEIQSCRDNVZPATG
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
GTAPZVNDRCSQIEKWXMBYFUHLO
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 GZDIPRVWXNETOQLMBYUHFACSK
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
KSCAFHUYBMLQOTENXWVRPIDZG
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 CTBLRHSPMZDAVEWKIXFGOUNQY
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
YQNUOGFXIKWEVADZMPSHRLBTC
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 VXSDPCGKFRWMHOZEQYUNTBALI
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
ILABTNUYQEZOHMWRFKGCPDSXV
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 CDAINUEKPHZSQLXFMORYGVTBW
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
WBTVGYROMFXLQSZHPKEUNIADC
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 FCYIVGMZHRKWSOLAPBQUXNTDE
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
EDTNXUQBPALOSWKRHZMGVIYCF
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 UIPFODMSAVLHCNTYXQKEWRZBG
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
GBZRWEKQXYTNCHLVASMDOFPIU
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 MXQKWPDHENYGVOISZRTBCLUFA
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
AFULCBTRZSIOVGYNEHDPWKQXM
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 GTRWSPINFXMYAZCKUHEDVBLQO
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
OQLBVDEHUKCZAYMXFNIPSWRTG
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 PTIOMLXDCVWUENBAFGHKQYZSR
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
RSZYQKHGFABNEUWVCDXLMOITP
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 DMWLYTAREPFSKIVGNUOZQCXHB
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
BHXCQZOUNGVIKSFPERATYLWMD
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 ABFYRDCGHOEZPUIKWTQMSVNLX
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
XLNVSMQTWKIUPZEOHGCDRYFBA
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 NZPMUDOVGILHKRQYSCBEFTAXW
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
WXATFEBCSYQRKHLIGVODUMPZN
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 NOLCTQSPEDKIVFXAYBRHUMWZG
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
GZWMUHRBYAXFVIKDEPSQTCLON
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 EIYKLSXZCWORNDVQMFGTAHPBU
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
UBPHATGFMQVDNROWCZXSLKYIE
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 VRFQPXUZODGIAENBTKSWHLMYC
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
CYMLHWSKTBNEAIGDOZUXPQFRV
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 HRFXUCQMKIBEGAWONPSTZLDVY
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
YVDLZTSPNOWAGEBIKMQCUXFRH
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 DPLSEFWVKUONIAZTCBYHGQRMX
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
XMRQGHYBCTZAINOUKVWFESLPD
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 BKEIRGOFTCNYALMZVUPWSDHXQ
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
QXHDSWPUVZMLAYNCTFOGRIEKB
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 GVKUECXPHBFQRLDTYWOZANMSI
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
ISMNAZOWYTDLRQFBHPXCEUKVG
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 MOAPGCVDNRISKZYLBHETUXFQW
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
WQFXUTEHBLYZKSIRNDVCGPAOM
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 YOWNIVAXULDZFGKSPTCHRMEBQ
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
QBEMRHCTPSKGFZDLUXAVINWOY
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 YQKZATVNRHWMGUIXBLDFSCPOE
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
EOPCSFDLBXIUGMWHRNVTAZKQY
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 LTWYVQSKBRMXNCOAEGIDZPFHU
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
UHFPZDIGEAOCNXMRBKSQVYWTL
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 NGYLEDXWFUTVPIAMZSBCOHKRQ
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
QRKHOCBSZMAIPVTUFWXDELYGN

XVI - XX century: from Orchema to ORION

In the second half of the XX century the American NSA used for some time an ORION cipher, which bears a striking resemblance to Trithemius's Orchema, except that the alphabets were written horizontally and on both sides of each sheet; one with the clear alphabet and one with the encrypted one, printed exactly in register and with a sheet of carbon paper underneath, with the carbon at the top.

Encrypting procedure

The sender circled the plain letter with a pen, one line for each character, and the carbon paper automatically circled the encrypted letter on the back. Very fast system to write in cipher, the sender only had to circle the letters of the plain text, but extremely cumbersome: one sheet, i.e. two pages, was needed for only 50 letters.

Decryption procedure

To decrypt the recipient follows the reverse procedure: using the first page backwards, starting from the first line, looks for the first letter of the ciphertext and circleit . The clear letters will automatically be circled on the other side. In the end it will be enough to transcribe them to obtain the clear text.

Fortune of the ORION cipher

Did the designer of ORION know Trithemius and his Orchema? The cipher is described by a certain David Boak in a 1973 NSA document, declassified in 2015, and he never mentions Tritemius. The question obviously remains unanswered, but the basic idea is simple enough and may very well have been independently re-invented. It is suggestive any way that the initials, OR, are the same.

Moreover, Trithemius had a very vague idea of the concept of a disordered alphabet, dancing letters (this is the meaning of the Greek Oρχημα), indeed he proposes criteria that are not exactly disordered such as the one of alternating letters used in the following pages.

Boak describes this cipher as a big improvement on the DIANA cryptosystem in terms of operational speed but at the aforementioned cost of a much larger size. He also writes that the cipher was abandoned after a short time, partly because of the encumbrance, partly because of the difficulty of having a print with the two sides exactly in register.

Security of the cipher

As with all OTP ciphers, security is based on the process used to generate the random alphabets, which should be truly random, in the sense of absolutely unpredictable; which is very difficult to obtain and generally pseudorandom algorithms are used; so it is also in this example that uses the rand() function of the PhP language, which, according to the PhP manual itself, is not cryptographically secure; PhP has also more secure but slower functions, but for a demo, rand() is enough! Furthermore, the one time pad rule must be strictly respected: use the key once and only once, it is forbidden to reuse it.


Riferimenti bibliografici
Siti e pagine web
X Searching for "Trit" on the web, only returns another cipher named TRITON.
X
X Latino : In praesente Orchemate multiplex traditura alphabetum per transpositionem & saltum tam norma ordinis quam positione literarum. Quae omnia sufficiunt pro exemplo his qui locatis non possunt esse contenti, ut modum habeant & formam quasi restant inveniendi, quia sine numero possunt variari, ut frequens orchematis expansio clarè docet.

Italiano: Nella presente Orchema vanno trasformati in molti modi l'alfabeto per spostamento e il salto sia per ordinamento sia per posizione delle lettere. Le quali tutte sono sufficienti per l'esempio a quelli che non possono essere qui contenuti, sicché abbiano modo e forma che restino da trovare, perché possono essere variati senza limite, come la frequente espansione di orchema chiaramente mostra.